At Substrata, our products all contain enzymes. But what are enzymes, and what do they do?
The short answer is, enzymes are protein molecules that cause or speed up chemical reactions. They can do extraordinary things like remove odors, clean up grease spills, help you digest food, and even keep dirt roads from eroding.
In this article, we’ll cover the basics about enzymes, such as:
Enzymes are macromolecules.
Regular molecules are groups of two or more atoms that join together to form the smallest possible unit of a substance. For example, a water molecule is made from two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Macromolecules are large molecules—anywhere from 10 to 1,000 times larger than normal. They often occur as polymers, which are repeating molecular chains that form many structures, from trees to PVC pipes. Some polymers even work as soil stabilizers.
Enzymes are proteins, and proteins are substances that help organisms carry out our life functions. There are many different types of proteins, and they all do different things. Consider these examples:
Enzymes are a special type of protein that regulates how chemical reactions occur. They can make reactions speed up, slow down, or occur under different circumstances than normal. For example, the enzymes in your gut help you digest your food efficiently. There are many different enzymes, each with its own structure and function. (Don't worry; we’ll walk you through the six main types of enzymes in a minute.)
People often think enzymes are living organisms that reproduce independently, but they’re not. Rather, living organisms produce enzymes inside their cells. The enzymes in living organisms also benefit non-living things like soil. Soil isn’t alive, so it can’t make its own enzymes. But, it’s full of them! The enzymes in soil come from:
Enzymes can also be manmade. Usually, this process involves fermenting living organisms like bacteria or yeast to produce enzymes. (That’s what we do here at Substrata.) However, in the 2010s, scientists successfully engineered synthetic enzymes and grew some in plants, no fermentation necessary.
Enzymes are responsible for virtually every chemical reaction that occurs in plants, animals, and people. For example, our bodies produce enzymes to help us digest food, absorb nutrients, and build muscles. Without enzymes, none of these vital processes could happen. So, it’s fitting that enzymes are big molecules because they have big jobs to do!
Enzymes also help with all sorts of construction projects, industries, and even household chores. Some of those uses include things like:
With so many versatile uses, it’s no wonder that different types of enzymes function differently. Let’s take a look at how they work.
As we mentioned, enzymes catalyze (cause or speed up) chemical reactions among molecules in an organism or ecosystem. They do this by creating, breaking, moving, or rearranging molecular bonds within a substance, such as food, water, or soil.
Substances on which enzymes act are called substrates. Enzymes adhere to the substrate to form temporary molecules called the enzyme substrate complex. The area where the chemical reaction occurs is called the active site. And that’s where the magic happens!
If you’ve seen a child’s science fair volcano, you have a good visual for an enzyme reaction. Baking soda is like a substrate; it’s a stable, isolated substance. Adding vinegar (or enzymes) makes a reaction occur. When you pour vinegar into baking soda, they bubble up. The bubbles are like the enzyme substrate complex, and the container where you mix the baking soda and vinegar represents the active site.
The six main types of enzymes work in different ways:
While many enzymatic chemical reactions occur naturally, supplementary enzymes accelerate them. That’s why many people take enzyme supplements to improve physical functions like digestion and muscle-building.
Chemical reactions may temporarily change an enzyme’s shape so it can bond to the substrate. However, it will return to normal after the reaction ends. That’s because chemical reactions don’t change the enzymes themselves. Rather, the enzymes influence processes in other molecules. They speed up, slow down, or let reactions occur in different conditions than normal (such as at lower temperatures).
Enzymes are active when they’re aiding a chemical reaction, but several factors can affect how active they are:
When pH or temperature alters an enzyme’s structure and function to the point that it no longer works, that enzyme is denatured.
Technically, the concentration of enzymes doesn’t affect their activity, but it does speed up chemical reactions.
Think of it this way: Bill and Dan are each building five miles of road, and their crews work at identical speeds. Bill has twice as many employees, so he finishes his road first. Enzymes work the same way. Highly concentrated enzymes complete their chemical reactions faster because more enzymes are doing the work—even though they work at the same speed as less concentrated enzymes.
To learn more about what happens when people use extra enzymes, check out our 7 Myths About Perma-Zyme blog.
At Substrata, we manufacture five enzyme solutions:
All of our products are 100% organic, non-toxic, and eco-friendly because they use enzymes instead of harsh chemicals. Let’s talk about what you can do with them!
Soil in its natural state isn’t always ideal for human activities like driving on dirt roads or growing crops. Three of our enzyme solutions help improve or condition soil to make it more useful: Perma-Zyme, Surfa-Zyme, and Harva-Zyme.
Perma-Zyme is our most popular product, and we’ve been making this soil stabilizer for over 50 years! It’s made of a proprietary ingredient blend, so we can’t tell you everything that’s in it. But we can tell you that it’s all-natural and contains three hydrolase enzymes called protease, lipase, and chitinase.
When you mix Perma-Zyme with clay-based soil and water, its enzymes cause a chemical reaction that permanently binds the clay particles together. (Get it, Perma-Zyme?) This creates a hard, concrete-like surface that’s extremely resistant to water and erosion, and it's strong enough to support heavy traffic without washboarding. As a bonus, Perma-Zyme’s binding properties also prevent dust from escaping into the air. It can reduce dust for up to two years without traditional treatments like magnesium chloride.
Most customers use Perma-Zyme to create durable unpaved roads that last 10+ years with little to no maintenance. Some rural counties also use it to stabilize the subbase for paved roads. Plus, you can use Perma-Zyme for over a dozen non-road projects, like drilling pads and slope stabilization.
Now, you might be wondering why we offer a purpose-made dust suppressant when Perma-Zyme already helps keep dust down. Great question! The answer is, Surfa-Zyme is a purpose-made, topical dust suppressant. We specifically designed it to create a crust on the soil’s surface to prevent dust from blowing into the air. On the other hand, we engineered Perma-Zyme to mix into soil at depths of three to 12 inches. So, if you need an eco-friendly, topical dust suppressant, Surfa-Zyme could be right for you.
Fun fact: Surfa-Zyme is our youngest product; it debuted in 2019.
Enzymes play a significant role in soil and plant health, especially in agriculture. To thrive, plants need an appropriate balance of enzymes dispersed throughout the soil. And if the soil’s natural composition is lacking—or if pesticides have degraded it—adding new enzymes can substantially improve soil quality and crop health.
Harva-Zyme is a soil conditioner that improves nutrient content and inspires deeper root systems. By helping break down organic matter and increasing plants’ ability to absorb nutrients, it improves crop size and yield. It also reduces the amount of water required to grow plants; since better root systems can process more water from the soil, they need less help from farmers.
In addition to crops, Harva-Zyme also helps grass grow—even in some pretty inhospitable conditions. Prominent golf courses in Las Vegas used Harva-Zyme to give their greens a boost in the 1970s and 1980s.
One important function of enzymes is cleaning and odor control. Under the proper conditions, enzymes act as powerful solvents. We make two enzyme cleaners at Substrata: Bacto-Zyme and Petra-Zyme.
So, how do they work? When you apply Bacto-Zyme or Petra-Zyme to contaminated surfaces, the enzymes catalyze a chemical reaction within the substrate to break the contaminant down into smaller molecules that are looser and easier to lift from the surface or substance you’re cleaning.
Bacto-Zyme is a microbial cleaner, degreaser, and odor eliminator. People use it for everything from industrial parts washing to cleaning their carpet at home to making lice shampoo. Our friends at Trauth Dairy even used Bacto-Zyme to treat wastewater on their farm.
Petra-Zyme is a petroleum remediation product that cleans water and soil after spills. One of our customers used Petra-Zyme to bathe a flock of geese that had been exposed to diesel and jet fuel. The geese were perfectly fine, with no negative side effects from the Petra-Zyme, and they returned to their pond squeaky clean.
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